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美国数学竞赛AMC8真题2014年 17-18

2018-09-18 重点归纳

美国数学竞赛AMC8专为8年级及以下的初中学生设计，但近年来的数据显示，越来越多小学4-6年级的考生加入到美国数学竞赛AMC8级别的考试行列中，而当这些学生能在成绩中取得“A”类标签，则是对孩子数学天赋的优势证明，不管是对美高申请还是今后在数学领域的发展都极其有利！那么接下来跟随小编来看一下美国数学竞赛AMC8的官方真题以及官方解答吧：

Problem 17

George walks $1$ mile to school. He leaves home at the same time each day, walks at a steady speed of $3$ miles per hour, and arrives just as school begins. Today he was distracted by the pleasant weather and walked the first $\frac{1}{2}$ mile at a speed of only $2$ miles per hour. At how many miles per hour must George run the last $\frac{1}{2}$ mile in order to arrive just as school begins today?

$美国数学竞赛$

Solution

Note that on a normal day, it takes him $1/3$ hour to get to school. However, today it took $amc真题$ hour to walk the first $1/2$ mile. That means that he has $1/3 -1/4 = 1/12$ hours left to get to school, and $1/2$ mile left to go. Therefore, his speed must be $amc数学竞赛$ , so $\text{(B)}$ is the answer.

Problem 18

Four children were born at City Hospital yesterday. Assume each child is equally likely to be a boy or a girl. Which of the following outcomes is most likely

$美国数学竞赛AMC8$

Solution 1

We'll just start by breaking cases down. The probability of A occurring is $\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^4 = \frac{1}{16}$ . The probability of B occurring is $\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^4 = \frac{1}{16}$ .

The probability of C occurring is $美国数学竞赛AMC8$ , because we need to choose 2 of the 4 children to be girls.

For D, there are two possible cases, 3 girls and 1 boy or 3 boys and 1 girl. The probability of the first case is $\dbinom{4}{1}\cdot\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^4 = \frac{1}{4}$ because we need to choose 1 of the 4 children to be a boy. However, the second case has the same probability because we are choosing 1 of the 4 children to be a girl, so the total probability is $\frac{1}{4} \cdot 2 = \frac{1}{2}$ .

So out of the four fractions, D is the largest. So our answer is $\boxed{\text{(D) 3 of one gender and 1 of the other}}.$

Solution 2

The possibilities are listed out in the fourth row of Pascal's triangle, with the leftmost $1$ being the possibility of all boys and the rightmost $1$ being the possibility of all girls. Since the fourth row of Pascal's Triangle goes $1, 4, 6, 4, 1$ and $6$ are all the possibilities of two children from each gender, there are a total of $8$ possibilities of three children from one gender and one from the other. Since there are a total of $2^4 = 16$ total possibilities for the gender of the children, $\boxed{\text{D}}$ has the highest probability.